How Social Capital is Viewed by Different Communities Essay -- Social

Introduction The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast two antithetic papers that highlight how companionable capital is viewed by different communities in any given society. The first article call social Capital and Civil Society was published in October 1999 by Francis Fukuyama from the institute of usual insurance policy, George Mason University. Fukuyama (1999) explores to examine in a wider context what social capital is? Its key function in the free market, how social capital is mensurable and finally makes suggestions on how social capital do-nothing be cultivated for the good in any given society.In the second article titled What is Social Capital and why is it important to Public Policy? was published in 1998 by Robert E. Lang and Steven P. Hornburg from the Fannie Mae Foundation. The authors highlight that social capital has a clear contact lens to government lodgment and urban policy formation and argue that the lack of social capital has a clear affect to community stability and housing provision. By using Robert Putmans concepts and comparing six different articles on social capital the authors further see the increase to social capital to an area has a high effect to the community and improves the lives of many people that are living in deprived areas of the society.Brief Outline articles Article OneSocial Capital and Civil Society published in October 1999 By Francis Fukuyama from the institute of Public Policy, George Mason University.Fukuyama (1999) defines social capital as the cooperation of a group of people that are mainly formed by two or more people. He goes further to claim that the formation of the group can be between two very good friends or be more complicated like in the formation of religious group b... ...l suggested by globalisation where the involvement of the community is made not just for capital gain but by ideas of culture. In conclusion this two articles even though different and written for two differ ent audiences, prove without a doubt the theoretical concept behind social capital whether the focus is in housing, man policy or civil society, an enhanced social capital within a community can generate good to any given society.Bibliography Fukuyama F., (1999). Social Capital and Civil Society. The Institute of Public Policy. Web. March 1, 2016https//www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/fukuyama.htmLang R.E, and Hornburg S.P (1998) What is Social Capital and why is it important to Public Policy?. Housing Policy Debate. Vol.9, No.1, pp1-16. Web. March 6, 2016http//www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10511482.1998.9521284

Jane Eyre By Charlotte Brontë :: English Literature

Jane Eyre By Charlotte BrontJane Eyre by Charlotte Bront was published in 1848, under the create ofCurrer Bell. Although the novel is over 150 years old, there are stillthemes that we provide relate to today, such as bullying, prejudice andhypocrisy. In this essay, I am going to discuss the three themesmentioned and also consider admirable characters from the novel the occasions write up technique and the part that I found appealing. Thefirst issue that I will discuss will be on the bullying that Janereceived at Gateshead Hall the home of her Auntie and cousins.She is bullied by not just her cousins, and her aunt as well. InChapter one, it shows the bullying from her cousins and aunt, when shehas begun reading and John Reed, her cousin, throws the book at herhead, and she retaliates. But because she retaliated, Johns sistersran up to their mamma and blamed the fight on Jane. She was thenescorted on a higher floor and locked in the red room. This could be counted asa form of bul lying, as she barely puts her in the red room as apunishment for assail John, but we, the readers, already know thatJohn started all of the commotion. Verbal bullying is also used inchapter one, where John Reed calls her names for throwing a lap athim(QUOTE CHAPTER1/LINE 16 I dont very well know what I did with myhands, but he called me Rat, rat )During Janes First term at Lowood, Jane is bullied proscribed of viands, whenthere was very little and the older girls wanted some more food todevour.Jane Eyre is a first- soul narrative, related in the voice of theprotagonist, or heroine. Jane Eyre is the I of the point, the personwhose voice we hear as we read, and everything that happens is seenfrom her point of trip up. Nowhere in the novel does the author break theflow of the narrators voice to give us an objective view of her maincharacter. However, she does remind us once in a while that the storyis being told by Jane as a mature woman, looking fundament on events thathappene d some years earlier. The mature Jane occasionally comments onthe younger Janes reactions to those events, and sometimes she even summateresses you, the Reader, directly. Youll also find occasions whereher narrative includes long stories told to Jane by other characters(such as Rochesters accounts of his past), conversations that Janeoverhears between other characters, and even accounts of Janesdreams. These not only add variety to the style but give the reader aJane Eyre By Charlotte Bront English LiteratureJane Eyre By Charlotte BrontJane Eyre by Charlotte Bront was published in 1848, under the name ofCurrer Bell. Although the novel is over 150 years old, there are stillthemes that we can relate to today, such as bullying, prejudice andhypocrisy. In this essay, I am going to discuss the three themesmentioned and also consider admirable characters from the novel theauthors narrative technique and the part that I found appealing. Thefirst issue that I will discuss will be on the bullying that Janereceived at Gateshead Hall the home of her Auntie and cousins.She is bullied by not just her cousins, but her aunt as well. InChapter one, it shows the bullying from her cousins and aunt, when shehas begun reading and John Reed, her cousin, throws the book at herhead, and she retaliates. But because she retaliated, Johns sistersran up to their mamma and blamed the fight on Jane. She was thenescorted upstairs and locked in the red room. This could be counted asa form of bullying, as she only puts her in the red room as apunishment for attacking John, but we, the readers, already know thatJohn started all of the commotion. Verbal bullying is also used inchapter one, where John Reed calls her names for throwing a punch athim(QUOTE CHAPTER1/LINE 16 I dont very well know what I did with myhands, but he called me Rat, rat )During Janes First term at Lowood, Jane is bullied out of food, whenthere was very little and the older girls wanted some more food todevour.Jane Eyre is a first-person narrative, related in the voice of theprotagonist, or heroine. Jane Eyre is the I of the story, the personwhose voice we hear as we read, and everything that happens is seenfrom her point of view. Nowhere in the novel does the author break theflow of the narrators voice to give us an objective view of her maincharacter. However, she does remind us once in a while that the storyis being told by Jane as a mature woman, looking back on events thathappened some years earlier. The mature Jane occasionally comments onthe younger Janes reactions to those events, and sometimes she evenaddresses you, the Reader, directly. Youll also find occasions whereher narrative includes long stories told to Jane by other characters(such as Rochesters accounts of his past), conversations that Janeoverhears between other characters, and even accounts of Janesdreams. These not only add variety to the style but give the reader a

Affirmative Action Essay -- Affirmative Action

Affirmative Action Affirmative perform is a deliberate travail to provide full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas for women, minorities, and individuals belonging to other traditionally disadvantaged groups. As an issue of todays society, affirmative action requires corporations, universities and other organizations to instal programs designed to ensure that all applicants are treated fairly. It also places a burden of proof on the providers of opportunities to some degree, the providers must be able to adjoin that their granting of opportunities to white males is not discriminatory. The policy mentioned above was first brought before the Supreme Court in 1978 in the case of University of California v. Bakke. Alan Bakke, a white man, had been denied in two ways to admission to a University of California medical school. It was even shown that his admission test scores were higher than several nonage group students who had been accepted . Bakke sued on the basis of variety against white males and claimed that the school had a quota. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bakke, but stated that the it was not a violation of affirmative action per se. The Court said that only rigid racial quotas were an impermissible form of affirmative action in determining medical school admissions. The Bakke case was followed by two rulings in favor of affirmative action programs, one of which, Fullilove v. Klutnick, upheld a quota system that required ten percent of federal public works bullion to be set aside for minority-owned firms. The view of the Supreme Court was narrowed in the 1980s when new, more conservative justices were appointed. The Court held that preferred tre... ...ica=s ideals on its side, and no resort to logic can persuade either side that the opposing viewpoint should prevail. Affirmative action relates directly to the individual verses society humanity-based theme. For example, the women and m inority groups fighting for individual freedoms in the general society. Many individuals have worked and still work for their specific rights and freedoms to be granted. It takes the initiative of individuals to make a difference in the society. Works Cited1. Hill, John. Affirmative Action Roots to Success. http//www.afronet.com/WB/031597-2.html (2 April 1998) 2. Legislative Analyst. Analysis of Proposition 209. http//Vote96.ss.ca.gov./Vote96/html/BP/209analysis.htm (2 April 1998) 3. Proposition 209 Text of Proposed Law. http//Vote96.ss.ca.gov/Vote96/html/BP/209text.htm

Boules :: Greek Secret Society Culture Myths Essays

BoulesSometimes someone will want to look better for having access to certain information and as unlike to using it effectively, to advance the mass of our people, they try to take the info to the enemy and entertain them about what they already know, to show that they know more than other down(p) people. This piece is dedicated to brutha Steve Cokely for his tireless efforts to seek and find vital information pertaining to the upliftment of Afrikan people. If it werent for this Godz tenacity to penetrate the forces of white supremacy with liquid swordz, I can candidly say, we would not know of the New World Order and the history of its members as we do now. He has truly been an inspiration to me. Biggup brutha Cokely As we come into knowledge of self, we must, as well, come into knowledge of who doesnt want us to know thyself. The average Afrikan who has some knowledge of white supremacy might feel its been, and only been, the blue-eyed daystar that is responsible. True, but not truth. If you read the piece I wrote last month, IZ YT Human? or Mutant, you plunge that brutha moses (the one who went to the caucus mountains to civilize the beast) was one of the initial sell-outs of theAfrikan spirit. As you well know, this country was found by criminal minded beasts, who colonized this area just as they did Afrika in the 1800s. As we had our plantations in the south-central with house negroes and field Afrikans, we find that this trend has never changed as the years have gone by. Thanks to research done by brutha Cokely, we have found that there is a black secret society that has been closely associated with maintaining the grip of white supremacy on people of color. These same secret societies, these house negroes cause to, have a long history rooted in the physical and mental enslavement of Afrikans around the globe. This black secret society is called the Boule aka. Sigma Pi Phi federation Incorporated, founded May 15, 1904. This is the 1st black frate rnity in america and was before the 1st black college frat, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Incorporated. The origin of the Boule is what we are discharge to concentrate on and by the end of this 2-3 part series, you will be able to decide whether they are bruthaz or not.

In The Camps Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

In the CampsConcentration camp is a term that stirs up many a(prenominal) emotions. How did they come about? What were they exactly? And just what went on inside those walls? Many have tried to give a full description of what life history in the camps was like. With toadys fast moving and knowledgeable media the public has become very informed on the subject at hand. The fact quieten clay that few were there, so few can know what really happened. These three poignant questions posed above could each take eternity to richly understand. This is a short explanation of the atrocities that the Nazis handed out to the innocent victims of the Holocaust. How exactly did concentration and extermination camps come about, legally speaking? On initial glance it seems that in toadys modern and civil world that nothing of this nature could ever happen. In fact it happened due to oblige 48, paragraph 2 in the German Constitution. Here the president is accustomed far reaching emergency power s. This article was used by Paul von Hindenburg in 1933 well-favored protective handle to protect the states security. From there in momentum gained. On April 12, 1934 an edict from the Ministry of the Interior was introduced governing protective custody understanding for establishment of camps. This edict also decreed that those sent to concentration camps were under the rule of the Gestapo and their release was indicative to the discretion of this secret service. Power is a inappropriate phenomena. Once the Gestapo had legal rights to cruelty the act of playing God became easier to abuse. Terrence Des Pres explains this best by stating As power grows, it grows more and more contrasted to everything immaterial itself. Its logic is inherently negative, which is why it ends by destroying itself. . . The exercise of totalitarian power, in any case, does not stop with the demand of outward compliance. It anticipates, further, to crush the spirit, to confuse that mobile inward principle whose strength depends on its freedom from entire determination by external forces. And thus the compulsion, felt by men with vast power, to seek out and destroy all resistance, all spiritual autonomy, all sign of dignity in those held captive. . .The death of the soul was aimed at. This verifies the purpose of these camps as given by Bruno Bettleheim. He ... ... Press, 1994. Levi, Primo. The Drowned and the Saved. excerpt on-line. available from http//www.spectacle.org/695/clothes.html.Orenstein, Henry. I Shall Live Surviving Against all Odds. New York Beaufort Books, 1987.Auschwitz and Birkenau. on-line. available from http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/7071/auschwitz.html.Pincus at Auschwitz. Accounts obtained through with(predicate) South Carolina Voices Lessons from the Holocaust.on-line. available from http//library.advanced.org/12663/survivors/witness.html.Rudy at Auschwitz. Accounts obtained through South Carolina Voices Lessons from the Holocaust. on-line. avail able from http//library.advanced.org/12663/survivors/witness.html.Zyklon-B. on-line. available from http//www.spectacle.org/695/zyklonb.html.on-line. available from http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/7071/auschwitz.html. on-line. available from http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/7071/concentration.html. In The Camps Essay examples -- essays research papers fcIn the CampsConcentration camp is a term that stirs up many emotions. How did they come about? What were they exactly? And just what went on inside those walls? Many have tried to give a full description of what life in the camps was like. With toadys fast moving and knowledgeable media the public has become very informed on the subject at hand. The fact still remains that few were there, so few can know what really happened. These three poignant questions posed above could each take eternity to fully understand. This is a short explanation of the atrocities that the Nazis handed out to the innocent victims of the Holocaust. How exactly did concentration and extermination camps come about, legally speaking? On first glance it seems that in toadys modern and civil world that nothing of this nature could ever happen. In fact it happened due to article 48, paragraph 2 in the German Constitution. Here the president is given far reaching emergency powers. This article was used by Paul von Hindenburg in 1933 giving protective custody to protect the states security. From there in momentum gained. On April 12, 1934 an edict from the Ministry of the Interior was introduced governing protective custody grounds for establishment of camps. This edict also decreed that those sent to concentration camps were under the rule of the Gestapo and their release was indicative to the discretion of this secret service. Power is a strange phenomena. Once the Gestapo had legal rights to cruelty the act of playing God became easier to abuse. Terrence Des Pres explains this best by stating As power grows, it grows mo re and more hostile to everything outside itself. Its logic is inherently negative, which is why it ends by destroying itself. . . The exercise of totalitarian power, in any case, does not stop with the demand of outward compliance. It seeks, further, to crush the spirit, to obliterate that active inward principle whose strength depends on its freedom from entire determination by external forces. And thus the compulsion, felt by men with great power, to seek out and destroy all resistance, all spiritual autonomy, all sign of dignity in those held captive. . .The death of the soul was aimed at. This verifies the purpose of these camps as given by Bruno Bettleheim. He ... ... Press, 1994. Levi, Primo. The Drowned and the Saved. excerpt on-line. available from http//www.spectacle.org/695/clothes.html.Orenstein, Henry. I Shall Live Surviving Against all Odds. New York Beaufort Books, 1987.Auschwitz and Birkenau. on-line. available from http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/7071/auschwitz.h tml.Pincus at Auschwitz. Accounts obtained through South Carolina Voices Lessons from the Holocaust.on-line. available from http//library.advanced.org/12663/survivors/witness.html.Rudy at Auschwitz. Accounts obtained through South Carolina Voices Lessons from the Holocaust. on-line. available from http//library.advanced.org/12663/survivors/witness.html.Zyklon-B. on-line. available from http//www.spectacle.org/695/zyklonb.html.on-line. available from http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/7071/auschwitz.html. on-line. available from http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/7071/concentration.html.

Literary Analysis of Joseph Hellers Catch 22 Essay -- Heller Joseph C

Literary Analysis of Joseph Hellers Catch 22Laughing in the face of state of war and death, literally, is one of the things that make the impudent Catch-22 by Joseph Heller such an intriguing and original story. It was written in 1961, a time when, due to the fighting of the Second World War, all war news were written with a dark and dreary tone, while still trying to continue the pre-conceived romantic notions about war. However, Joseph Heller strips a room all of the romantic pretense, and puff heavily on his own Air Force palpate during WWII, presents war in its most raw, un-censored version. It takes away thoughts of being the amazing hero, and winning medals, and replaces them with the screwed up, bureaucratic way that we fight wars. It shows the true paradoxes that arise, and shows the violence of war, in its most un-adulterated form. This book came right after WWII, a war that most American citizens saw as a just and needed war, and shocked all who read it with the truth about war. Then, as if to prove the literary genius of the author, the Vietnam War comes along. It then turns out that the novel Catch-22 was almost prophetic about the war. Almost the blameless novel is shown through the eyes of the briny character, Captain John Yossarian. He is an Assyrian, who is completely paranoid and eternally trying to convince people that there are other people out there who are doing their best to make sure he doesnt return from each mission he flies. He then decides to make it his personal mission to return alive from every flight. Throughout the entire story, the main theme or subject is the craziness of war, and how it is not romantic as it has been previously depicted, but actually hellish and dangerous.One of the most interesti... ...iness of war. In conclusion, the entire book, while being non-sequential and confusing throughout, still conveys its theme very well. This is mainly thanks to the authors ability to bend the English language to his wil l, and the quantify that it was released. It came out at a time that all war novels were heroic and romantic, yet do to Hellers own Air Force experience he knew the truth about war, and by writing about it, he brings it to the foreground. The entire novel centers around and contributes to the theme that true war is not how it has been portrayed in the media of the day. It is actually a self-contained hell that is perpetuated by crazy leaders, death, and violence. This makes this novel one that should be required reading for all peoples in the world, so that we can better understand the truth about war, and maybe, just maybe, we will have fewer wars.

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

In the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the main character, Gatsby is the host of many elaborate parties at his home in double-u Egg. In the morning the lawn crew would come and pamper the yard, in the evening the cooks would begin to prepare the meals, and as dusk approached, the guests would pile out of their taxis, motor cars, and boats (36). nearly invited and some non, all were coming in search of a pleasant evening among the great unwashed. Fitzgeralds parties unveiled a fun-loving, lazy side of most people in the 1920s.Fitzgerald wrote in his novel that the guests would begin to arrive all at once, stepping out of their motor cars, adorned in their finest evening formal wear (36). The women of the account attend Gatsbys parties in their newest gowns. The biggest concern on the minds of the attendants was their own appearance, and the appearance of others. One female guest indicated a total lack of concern everyplace the shape of her dress at the end of the e vening, for after the last discrepancy, Gatsby sponsored a new dress for her immediately (39). In his novel, the apparent scrutinization of modern society is enceinte in his descriptive paragraphs, which do not reveal a characters name. Fitzgerald writes of his guests about the time that they are present at the party, he does not write of their family, or occupational life, leading it to look like their lives were only important due to the party (39). The girls in yellow are a inflorescence example where characterization shadows name and title. The most important thing about the girls in yellow is not where they came from, but what they have to say about Gatsby. gossipmongering at a party was Fitzgeralds way to characterize his modern society as gullible. His own party attendants would have the ill manners to talk over his own background. The hushing circle would marvel over the Kaiser Wilhelm theory, then at the murderer theory (40).

Orphans in Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Essays

Orphans in Jane Eyre Jane, one of the orphans in the novel Jane Eyre, is portrayed as the victim of charity.She is also seen in others eyes as something less or lower than themselves. Orphans are seen by wealthy people as children who are in need of their charity, and also who lack in morals, ambition, and culture. Jane tells ab emerge how she has no family her bring forth and her father had the typhus fever, and both died within a month of each other (58 ch. 3). As if this is not bad enough, she is also excluded from being a dower of the Reed family Me, Mrs. Reed had dispensed from joining the group, saying, she regretted to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance but that until she heard from Bessie, and could discover by her make observation that I was endeavoring in good earnest to acquire a more sociable and childlike disposition, a more attractive and sprightly expression - something lighter, franker, more natural, as it were - she really must exclude me from pr ivileges intended only for contented, happy little children. (39 ch. 1) Further, after Jane comes out of the red room, Mrs. Reed and the children go out for a carriage ride and leave Jane behind (55 ch. 3). Again, at Christmas time, From every enjoyment I was, of course, excluded my share of the gaiety consisted in witnessing the daily apparelling of Eliza and Georgiana, and seeing them adjudicate to the drawing-room, dressed out in thin muslin frocks and scaarlet sashes, with hair elaborately ringleted (60 ch. 4). This not only shows her exclusion from family and family gatherings, but also that she is not perceived to be as good, happy, or sociable as her cousins. Her cousin John even makes her out to be something less than he, You... ...nineteenth century was not as easy as it was for her. Most orphans were put into a workhouse and had to deal with worse conditions than she. Orphanhood was very prevalent throughout the whole novel. Almost every character was an orphan or beca me one. Not many characters had family members that they were able to speak of, or of they did, they were not part of the immediate family, as Jane was with the Reeds. As lonely(prenominal)ly as Jane was, she was not as isolated, as one may believe. She was one amongst eighty girls at Lowood Institution who did not have a mother or a father, let a lone family members to care for them. She was even around many other orphans throughout the novel including the Reeds, the Rivers, and Adele. Works Cited Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. London, Penguin Books Ltd. 1996. (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Mason).

Bladerunner - Humanity And Nature Essays -- essays research papers

The central theme of Bladerunner is the descent between humanity and nature. More specifically it has a purpose in showing how science can negatively influence this fragile relationship. Set in Los Angeles of 2019 we see the decadence of western society into an inhumane harsh impersonal, technology-dominated realm. The inhabitants who stir up for their daily survival argon in desperate want for nature, contact with which is denied to them by the unrestricted scientific progress and the consequent exploitation of the natural gentleman conducted for the sole purpose of profit. Humanity is also losing touch with its own nature. The compassion, the empathy, the love and the emotion are all rare or absent. This ailing relationship between humanity and nature is gestateed through the means of scene setting, dialogue, plot, camera techniques and other ikon features. All these elements of cinematography synthesise to create an effective delineation of the unifying theme.In Bladerunner the most prominent element of cinematography is mise en scne. It generates a context for the film and therefore makes the plot and themes acceptable. To set an take over scene different variables need to be controlled. These variables include location, props, lighting and colour. In general the location of the plot is in the vast urban canyons of 2019 LA. The imposing coloured buildings, the dirty fog, perpetual rain and the crowded drab streets devoid of vegetation make up the backdrop of most scenes. All this is filmed in dark lighting, which complements the effect produced by the fog in obscuring the living details. From this the responder acknowledges the deterioration of society, the harsh conditions that the humans are subjected to and the way the human spirit itself is progressively undone under such conditions.Filming such a location at night provides the director with the opportunity to use chiaroscuro (a technique of strong contrast) to further convey the dominance of technology over humanity. For example in outdoor scenes the garish flickering neons are obtrusively visible but they fail to illuminate the obscure, dark, misty surroundings, including the multitudes of faceless people. The prominent visibility of artificial things over human presence together with the qualities of the location indicates the degradation of human life under the rule of science.The habiliment w... ...he development of characters and their response to the events of the plot, Ridley Scott and the actors communicate the way relationship between humanity and nature has evolved (deteriorated) into the world of 2019 LA. In effect all the techniques mentioned above portray a society of individuals who are weary of the world they live in. They are rejects who lead a pitiful existence in a wasteland called earth because they are not fit enough to go the out-world colonies. Suppressing their own natural instincts for the sake of physically surviving they really the walking dead. Scientific progress conducted not for the beat out interests of humanity but for the best interests of business has effectively brought about the progressive degradation of society. By exploiting and destroying the natural world human can no to a greater extent find solace or beauty so as to recuperate their weary minds and rekindle their dying spirits. In summary the techniques that are unique to film such as camera, lighting, costuming, colour and location works in conjunction with common literary techniques such as visual symbolism, irony and characterisation to effectively convey the relationship between humanity and nature.

Commedia dellarte Essay -- Art

Commedia dellarteCommedia dellarte is a truly popular form of theatre - of the people, by the people, for the people. Discuss this statement with peculiar(prenominal) examples of Commedia dellarte scenarios, stock characters, performance features and circumstances. Commedia dellarte is definitely an artform centred on people and their world. Although its origins are hazy due to the illiteracy of its first performers and audience, it is believed to have stemmed from the carnivals in Italy during the sixteenth century. present it rose from the people from folk theatre, which used masks and music, and from the charlatans using pretence as a means of earning money. The scenarios involved in Commedia arose from the thematic concerns the form had. It was mainly interested with examining the human condition via satire. Therfore, the canovaccios were filled with driving themes such as food, drink, sex, love, money and vengence. The artists created the scenarios to fit into the peoples livi ng conditions as a safety valve. They could laugh at their event on stage, making their conditions a little more bearable. In this way, Commedia was designed by troupes, simply the Italian public, for their audience and the people. Stock characters came from the people in that they were lots satirizations of them. Ill Dottore, an expert on everything who could talk unendingly, was a satirization of the bolognese academics. Ill Capitano was a satirization of invaders of Italy, partic...

Bladerunner - Humanity And Nature Essays -- essays research papers

The central theme of Bladerunner is the relationship between pieceity and nature. much specific every last(predicate)y it has a purpose in showing how science can negatively influence this fragile relationship. Set in Los Angeles of 2019 we see the decadence of westbound society into an inhumane harsh impersonal, technology-dominated realm. The inhabitants who fight for their daily survival are in desperate want for nature, contact with which is denied to them by the unrestricted scientific make and the consequent exploitation of the natural serviceman conducted for the sole purpose of profit. Humanity is also losing touch with its own nature. The compassion, the empathy, the love and the emotion are all rare or absent. This ailing relationship between humanity and nature is conveyed through the means of scene setting, dialogue, plot, camera techniques and other moving picture features. All these elements of cinematography synthesise to create an forceive portrayal of the uni fying theme.In Bladerunner the near prominent element of cinematography is mise en scne. It generates a context for the film and therefore makes the plot and themes acceptable. To set an appropriate scene different variables need to be controlled. These variables include location, props, lighting and colour. In general the location of the plot is in the vast urban canyons of 2019 LA. The imposing dark buildings, the dirty fog, perpetual rain and the crowded dark streets devoid of vegetation make up the backdrop of most scenes. All this is filmed in dark lighting, which complements the effect produced by the fog in obscuring the living details. From this the responder acknowledges the deterioration of society, the harsh conditions that the humans are subjected to and the expressive style the human spirit itself is progressively destroyed under such conditions.Filming such a location at night provides the director with the opportunity to mapping chiaroscuro (a technique of strong c ontrast) to further convey the dominance of technology over humanity. For example in outdoor scenes the garish flickering neons are obtrusively subgross but they fail to illuminate the obscure, dark, fogged surroundings, including the multitudes of faceless people. The prominent visibility of artificial things over human presence together with the qualities of the location indicates the degradation of human life under the rule of science.The clothing w... ...he development of characters and their response to the events of the plot, Ridley Scott and the actors communicate the way relationship between humanity and nature has evolved (deteriorated) into the world of 2019 LA. In effect all the techniques mentioned above portray a society of individuals who are weary of the world they live in. They are rejects who lead a pitiful existence in a wasteland called earth because they are not fit enough to go the out-world colonies. Suppressing their own natural instincts for the sake of phy sically surviving they really the walkway dead. Scientific progress conducted not for the best interests of humanity but for the best interests of business has effectively brought about the progressive degradation of society. By exploiting and destroying the natural world human can no more find solace or beauty so as to recuperate their weary minds and rekindle their dying spirits. In summary the techniques that are unique to film such as camera, lighting, costuming, colour and location works in conjunction with common literary techniques such as visual symbolism, irony and characterisation to effectively convey the relationship between humanity and nature.

Commedia dellarte Essay -- Art

Commedia dellarteCommedia dellarte is a truly popular form of theatre - of the people, by the people, for the people. Discuss this statement with specific examples of Commedia dellarte scenarios, linage characters, performance features and circumstances. Commedia dellarte is definitely an artform centred on people and their world. Although its origins are hazy due to the illiteracy of its first performers and audience, it is believed to have stemmed from the carnivals in Italy during the sixteenth century. Here it blush wine from the people from folk theatre, which used masks and music, and from the charlatans using pretence as a means of earning money. The scenarios involved in Commedia arose from the thematic concerns the form had. It was mainly concerned with examining the clement condition via satire. Therfore, the canovaccios were filled with driving themes such as food, drink, sex, love, money and vengence. The artists created the scenarios to fit into the peoples living con ditions as a safety valve. They could laugh at their situation on stage, making their conditions a little more bearable. In this way, Commedia was designed by troupes, simply the Italian public, for their audience and the people. Stock characters came from the people in that they were often satirizations of them. laid low(predicate) Dottore, an expert on everything who could talk unendingly, was a satirization of the bolognese academics. Ill Capitano was a satirization of invaders of Italy, partic...

The Da Vinci Code and the Last Supper

When it comes to world-famous paintings, Leonardo pappa Vines nett Supper is always on the top of the list. What is it that, even now, 500 years after its creation in 1498, makes Last Supper such a mysterious and conspiracy-laden painting? First, there is a level of mystery surrounding its creator, Leonardo Dad Vinci. Not only was Dad Vinci an important painter, he was also an engineer, sculptor, designer, and scientist. His ingenious concepts in many disciplines and technological inventions were so advanced for the 14th to 1 5th century technology that even almost 20th-century inventors, manage he Wright brothers, pulled from his work.There have been a lot of theories on Dad Vines life and on his paintings and it is believed that Last Supper contained hidden messages, which Dad Vinci encoded in the painting himself. This probe depart examine what these theories are and how they are counter argued by scholars and art historians. Although there have been many fiction bracings ab by Dad Vines Last Supper, Dan Browns novel The Dad Vinci Code, published in 2004, garnered an enormous amount of support from the world wide readers. It brought up a huge scandal on Jesus that, e and Mary Magdalene were lovers and in fact there was a child (or children) between them.In the novel, a secret group, Prior of Soon, protects the descendants of Jesus until today. Dad Vinci, as a member of Prior of Soon, was aware of the truth about Jesus and Mary so he encoded this secret in Last Supper to send out the message . The Dad Vinci Code changed some of its readers beliefs toward their religion, but scholars say this novel is merely based on fiction. In the words of Renaissance art h atomic number 53st Elizabeth Pillion, It is severely flawed. As a reader of fiction, I think it is a tremendously entertaining view . The Dad Vinci Code says that, in Dad Vines Last Supper, the visit sitting on the right side of Jesus is obviously a female person person the figure does not hav e a beard like rest of the disciples and the figures hand is placed closest to Jesus right hand, suggesting that the two are physically close. Scholars argue that there have been a lot of paintings on the subject of the Last Supper, and it had been common to depict John side by side(p) to Jesus and beardless. Disco did Boninesss Last Supper from the early 14th century portrayed John in mistakable ways.In Discos Last Supper, John is sitting on the left side of Jesus, beardless and leaning on Jesus. Domenici Grandchilds version of Last Supper also has the same description of John, in which he is sitting on the left side of Jesus, leaning on the shoulders. Why do Johns illustrations share these similarities, when all these paintings were created over a century apart from each other? The book of account has all the answers. John is known to as Jesus most beloved disciple in fact, the Bible limitedally refers to John as the disciple, the one whom Jesus loved John 202, and this phrase appears our times throughout the Gospel of John . The Bible describes the scene at the Last Supper with specific details of the position of John and Jesus It is the Beloved Disciple who, while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper, asks Jesus, after being requested by scratch to do so, who it is that will betray him John 1323-25. Both Disco and Garlanding were absolutely correct in terms of the position of Jesus and John according to the Bible and the appearance of John is also similar in both paintings.These three painters versions of Last Supper are not the only paintings n the same subject in fact, the earliest depiction of the last supper occurs in the frescos of the Catacomb of Rome from the 6th century . There were some conventions created when many painters drew the Last Supper over the centuries, and Leonardo Dad Vinci was simply following these conventions in accordance with both the Bible and earlier Last Supper depictions created by other painters.Dan Browns the Da d Vinci Code disregarded the facts about these traditions, withal described Leonardo Last Supper as if everything started from it therefore, the readers are biased with this faulty concept. Another argument made by Dan Brown has to do with SST. Peter, who is sitting next to the female figure. The novels interpretation of SST. Peter is that he was against the relationship between Jesus and Mary Magdalene therefore, he was illustrated showing a sign of carrying out on the female figures neck, and he is holding a knife with his right hand as a threat.The author says that Dad Vinci wouldnt have drawn these features unless they meant something, but scholars argue differently. Iconography is one of the characteristics of Renaissance arts, which includes symbolism in the paintings . Pewters holding a knife at the Last Supper is actually a Christian symbol, foreseeing of the event followed by the Last Supper. In Discos painting, it is observed that there are a lot of knives present on the table. Although Peter is not holding a knife in this painting, the knives serve as symbolism.It is more obvious in Grandchilds Last Supper, in which Peter is actually holding a knife in his right hand. Contrary to Dan Browns explanation, it does not ensure like Peter is threatening someone else. The reference to Pewters knife appears in the Bible. When Judas showed up with soldiers to arrest Jesus, Peter fought back and cut off the ear of the richly priests servant, named Mulches John 1810. By illustrating Peter with a knife in his hand, it serves as foreshadowing of a future event.It is wrong to say that, because Peter is holding a knife in the painting, it has a meaning of threatening other person, but it serves as a symbolism off future event. What appears to be Pewters showing an execution gesture on Johns neck is, in fact, a misinterpretation made by the Dad Vinci Code. As discussed above, the Bible has some specific details on the ignitions of Peter and John. It is the Belov ed Disciple who, while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper, asks Jesus, after being requested by Peter to do so, who it is that will betray him John 1323-25.Leonardo Dad Vines Last Supper is describing the scene of Pewters requesting John to ask Jesus. Dan Browns explanation of the gesture of Peter is misleading for its readers therefore, it is only a fictional screen background and it should not be taken seriously. Dan Brown was very clever to use Leonardo Dad Vinci as the theme of the book, and he fact that everyone loves to believe a worldwide conspiracy made the Dad Vinci Code very successful fiction novel.It is remarkable how a novel can have so untold impact on the worldwide readers views, even on religion, although this particular example shows how dangerous in can be. The readers who do not have much intimacy in art history or religious history can easily be biased with these fictional interpretations mentioned above. When reading these kinds of novels, it is the re aders responsibility to be open-minded and seek the truth themselves instead of being fully influenced by the author.

Controversial novels Essay

Argued to be one of sturdys most controversial freshs, published in 1891 during an era when the underprivileged classes of society, were submissive to superstitious beliefs in particular those such as luck spiritual beings and ultimately dowery which were the foundations of commencementer class civilisation, Tess of the DUrbervilles presents a story of indicate toying with the life of the Heroine Tess. Fate is an influential part of the plot because it is what dictates her life.Events in the beginning of the novel begin a domino effect that butt end non be reverse, thus Her fate is already chosen and all she can do is live through the events that happen to her. Whilst pedestrians Colour purple is compose during an era of gender social and racial inequalities narrated through Celie whose life consisting of an abundance of obstacles refuses to give into the Fate which determined the lives of poor uneducated black females during the 1930s. What exactly is Fate, is it in our per sonalities, movements and book of facts or atomic number 18 our lives controlled by a supposed force or power which predetermines events in our lifes, meaning regardless of what we do we are unable to vary our destiny.This theme is explored thoroughly by Thomas Hardy through his heroine Tess who is portrayed as a dupe of fate through appear the novel, knock and coincidence bring about disasters in the novel that we can claim occur collectible to fate, it appears the main characters are subject to forces beyond their control.The author employs a very fatalistic plot throughout the novel making Tess endure whatever is thrown at her . In the first chapter of the book the horse Prince dies, this is seen as Tess fault as she falls as sleep repayable to being exhausted, this happens at night when the weather is very depressed. Hardy uses pathetic fallacy by claiming the atmosphere was pale, this makes the reader feel tension and also an expectation of tragedy . This scene is simil ar to that of the one at the sideline when Alec finds Tess unconscious and may project raped her which is ultimately up to speculation.It is clear that Hardy uses the death of prince to create a sense of foreboding as this episode and the one at the chase are extremely similar, on both occasions Tess has fallen asleep due to tiredness and also the weather is used as an indication for what is to follow. From this we can hesitancy whether these events are floor to fate and also ask if Hardy pre-determines Tess fate and future through her early actions thus her future is unalterable so there is nothing she can do to change.This has lead to the critic The Irvine Howe has theme May we see her purely as a victim, like the white horse, the pheasants, the animals who are killed at harvest time? Hers is a poor wounded name This supports The interpretation that Tess life was controlled by Fate the just like the events in the novel such as the horses death and the death of the pheasants whi ch all acted as a sense of foreboding and events which pre determine Tess death. Towards the latter stages of the novel during chapter 46, Hardy again emphasises the earthshaking role Fate has played in Tess life and misfortunes.Firstly at the bottom of page 320 Tess states How can I pray for you? When I am com populaced to believe that the great power who moves the world would alter his plans on my account? Tess is telling Alec that she has lost her belief in God as her prayers do not move him. Therefore she is indicating this is happening because God already has his plans made and what she wants makes no difference because she is not important enough for him to change them, thus empowering the element of Fate and its restrictions on her ability to change.Alice Walker, author of The Colour Purple approaches the theme of Fate and destiny in a similar way to Hardy to a certain termination, in The Colour Purple the character Celie goes through a series of events at the beginning o f the novel, she is raped by her father on some(prenominal) occasions is forced to give away the children that she conceived through him then her sister Nettie is forced to leave the home in which Celie lives due to her Husband Mr , but posterior on in the novel we learn that Nettie is now living with the family that adopted her sisters children.This shows that Alice Walker purposely portrayed Celies life as a victim of Fate, but gives her character an opportunity to resist this fate which results in a positive outcome for Celie. Its possible to say that Walker highlights the occurrence that although we may be victims of Fate we are able to control this Fate and our, she does this by showing that Celie is in fact not a victim of fate and unlike Tess her own actions are what allow her to change her destiny.We can say this because Celie confides in God through her letters, giving her hold and belief and she restrains herself from killing the man who has brought her pain and suffer ing, Mr , unlike Tess . Celies ability to change and prevent Fate from controlling her life is ultimately down to the letters she writes to God, she tells her sister NettieLong as I can spell G-o-d I got somebody along She believes she is never alone or hopeless as long as she has God in her life, writing to God gives her hope, this hope is what helps her overcome the negative aspects of her Fatalistic path that seemed as though her life would be controlled by abusive males that would drive her to murder her keep up just like Tess did. On the other hand Tess Fate is once again predetermined by Hardy in chapter 41 when she stumbles upon dying pheasents and puts them out of their misery by bringing their inevitable deaths to an end prematurelyPoor darlings-to suppose myself the most miserable being on earth in the muddle o such misery as yours she exclaimed, her tears running down as she killed the birds tenderly. This Fatalistic event represents Tess destiny as she to will die du e to her neck breaking as she will later be hung, Hardy uses this sense of foreboding once again signifying the belief that her character is her Fate, she is unable to change this, nothing she does will alter it.Similarly but with a contrasting outcome, in Colour Purple Fate re-emerges as killin Mr begins to dawn on Celies mind. How Im gon keep from killing him Naw I think I feel better if I kill him, I say I feels sickish. Numb, now. Mr has abused Celie to the extent that she contemplates killing him, at this stage of the book readers are likely to speculate whether Fate has chosen this path for Tess, is this her destiny? Will she put one across to emulate Tess action to end her misfortunes?Or will she be able to alter her Fate through her hope in God and rational actions? Although she doesnt go on to murder Mr , through God and her companion Celie she finds the courage to speak up against Mr and leave him, ultimately changing her Fate which is something Tess was unable to do You a low down dog is whats wrong. Its time to leave you and enter into the creation. And your dead body just the welcome mat I need. Here Walker shows her strength and courage obtained through her hope in God.The authors use of foreboding throughout the novel can be seen as a representative of fate, Hardy believed that what happened to us was a product of our personality, class, status and the way in which we view life therefore Tess pride and her concern for Angels reputation after he leaves her prevents her from desire help at an early stage of her troubles can be seen as her own actions but in Hardys view our own actions were down to fate , she ends up confiding in Alec which leads to disaster. From this we can question whether Tess actions lead to her downfall or was it Fate?This is demonstrated at the beginning of the lowest paragraph, venturesome writes Justice was done, the president of immortals had ended his sport with Tess. Hardy is telling us Fate has finished playing with its victim, Tess. He may have done this to get on draw attention to his beliefs that we are subject to a immoral force beyond our control that we are forced to endure and that religion does not have bearing on any events in our life. This is a viewpoint that was developed by critic Irving Howe who too believed Tess fate had already been predetermined, Proposing this is why Hardy named the final phase of the novel fulfilment.Furthermore, another way Hardy depicts Tess as a victim of Fate is through the language he uses, particularly in the last phase of the novel as he named it fulfilment thus this is a play on words as we are left to question what has been fulfilled. It is possible to say Hardy believed Fate had been fulfilled it had played its role in bringing Tess to her tragic downfall. Walker presents Celie as a victim of Fate like Hardy does Tess, however Walker stresses the point that we are able to change our Fate and destiny, this is significant as the intensity purp le which is the colour of the purple flowers represent spirituality & hope.She is almost trying to convey the message that, Fate can be overcome as long as hope is present, where as Hardy purposely doesnt give Tess any chance of overcoming her Fate, he deliberately does this to assert his negative view on religion, Walker gives her character hope through God, this is what enables Celie to overcome her so called Fate or Destiny whilst Hardys pessimistic belief of religion deters him from doing this.Through his novels Hardy repeatedly articulated that chance and coincidence that bring about disaster are ultimately Fate, thus he empowers his belief through Tess that characters are subject to forces beyond their control. This is similar to another of his novels, The Return of the Native. Throughout The Return of the Native bad things happen to good people, this is a depiction of his atheist perception that God does not exist and if there is a God it is lacking in morals, because good p eople, such as Tess are the victims of bad events and tragedy in life due to Fate. Like Hardy himself said Once a victim, always a victim of fate.

Chapter 1 Course Notes

Financial juveniles report Theory and Analysis 10e Chapter 1 The Development of method of report system Theory What is Theory? Webster defines possibility as Systematic al unmatchedy organized knowledge, applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances a clay of assumptions, accepted principles and rules of procedure to analyze, predict or otherwise explain the nature of behavior of a specified set of phenomena. Why is the suppuration of a ecumenic theory of method of news report important?The development of a general theory of story is beca part of the role be plays in our economic society. We live in a large(p)istic society which is characterized by a self-regulated commercialize that operates through the forces of supply and demand. What is the relationship of accountancy query to write up theory? The goal of report theory is to provide a set of principles and relationships that explains observed practices and predicts unobserved practices.That is, met hod of accounting system theory should be able to explain why companies elect certain accounting methods everyplace others and should enable users to predict the attri plainlyes of firms that elect various accounting methods. And as in other disciplines, accounting theory should also be verifiable through accounting research. bill research is necessitateed to attain a more(prenominal) general theory of accounting, and in this regard the various theories of accounting that have been posited must be subjected to verification. The Early History of method of accountingZenon Papyri * Accounting records have been found to date back several thousand years in various parts of the world. Discovered in 1915, the Zenon Papyri contained information Apollonius private estate for a period of about 30 years concerning construction projects, agricultural activities, and business operations during the 3rd century B. C. accord to Hain, this surprisingly elaborate accounting system was used in Greece since the fi fth century B. C. Zenons accounting system contained provisions for esponsibility accounting, a written record of whole transactions, a personal account for wages paid to employees, inventory records, and a record of asset acquisitions and disposals. In addition, there is evidence that all the accounts were audited. The Impact of the conversion * It wasnt until approximately 1300-1500 the need arose for more accurate records due to the Italians merchants vigoursly pursing trade and commerce. Italian merchants borrowed Arabic numeral system and the basis of arithmetic and an evolving trend toward the boon double entry book keeping system developed. In 1494 an Italian monk, Fra Luca Pacioli, wrote a book on arithmetic that included a description of double-entry bookkeeping. Paciolis work, Summa de Arithmetica Geometria Proportioniet Proportionalita, did non fully describe double-entry bookkeeping rather, it formalized the practices and ideas that had been evol ving over the years. Double-entry bookkeeping enabled business organizations to keep complete records of transactions and ultimately resulted in the power to lay financial statements. The evolution of joint ventures into ongoing businessesAs ongoing business organizations replaced isolated ventures, it became necessary to develop accounting records and reports that reflected a continuing coronation of capital utilize in various ways and to periodically summarize the results of activities. By the ordinal century, bookkeeping expanded into accounting, and the creation that the induceers original contribution, plus or minus profits or freeinges, indicated net worth emerged. However, profit was pressed an increase in assets from any source, as the concepts of cost and income were yet to be developed.Another factor that influenced the development of accounting during the ordinal century was the evolution in England of joint ventures into business corporations. Under the corpora te form of business, owners ( expectholders) may not be management. Thus umteen individuals, outback(a) to the business itself, needed information about the corporations activities. Moreover, owners and prospective owners wanted to evaluate whether stockholder investments have yielded a return.As a consequence, the acclivitous existence of corporations created a need for periodic reporting as well as a need to distinguish between capital and income. The encounter of the industrial revolution and the progressive movement The industrial revolution and the succession of the Companies actions in England also increased the need for tradingal exemplars and accountants. In the later part of the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution arrived in the coupled States, bringing the need for more formal accounting procedures and standards. Railroads became a major economic influence.These companies created the need for bearing industries, which in turn led to increases in the market for corporate securities and an increased need for trained accountants as the separation of the management and ownership functions became more distinct. The concept of capital maintenance The major concern of accounting during the early 1900s was the development of a theory that could cope with corporate abuses that were occurring at that time, and capital maintenance emerged as a concept. This concept evolved from maintaining invested capital intact to maintaining the physical productive capacity of the firm to maintaining real capital.In essence, this last view of capital maintenance was an extension of the economic concept of income (see Chapter 5) that there could be no increase in wealth unless the stockholder or the firm were better off at the end of the period than at the beginning. The accountant as a protector of business interests World War I changed the publics attitude toward the business sector. Many people believed that the made completion of the war could at l east partially be attributed to the ingenuity of American business. As a consequence, the public perceived that business had reformed and that external regulation was no longer necessary.The accountants role changed from protector of third parties to protector of business interests. Critics of accounting practice during the 1920s suggested that accountants abdicated the stewardship role, placed in like manner a great deal emphasis on the needs of management, and permitted too much flexibleness in financial reporting. During this time financial statements were viewed as the representations of management, and accountants did not have the ability to bespeak businesses to use accounting principles they did not wish to employ. The result of this attitude is well known. In 1929 the stock market crashed and the Great Depression ensued.Although accountants were not initially blamed for these sluicets, the possibility of governmental intervention in the corporate sector loomed. Accountin g in the United States since 1930 Meetings between NYSE and AIA One of the first of all samples to rectify accounting began shortly after the inception of the Great Depression with a series of meetings between representatives of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the American Institute of Accountants. The economic consumption of these meetings was to discuss problems pertaining to the interests of investors, the NYSE, and accountants in the preparation of external financial statements.The cooperative causas between the members of the NYSE and the AIA were well received. However, the post-Depression atmosphere in the United States was characterized by regulation. There was even legislation introduced that would have demand auditors to be licensed by the federal government after passing a civil serfeebleness examination. AAA Similarly, in 1935 the American Association of University Instructors in Accounting changed its name to the American Accounting Association (AAA) and an nounced its intention to expand its activities in the research and development of accounting principles and standards.The first result of these expanded activities was the publication, in 1936, of a brief report cautiously titled A Tentative Statement of Accounting Principles Underlying bodied Financial Statements. The four-and-one-half-page document summarized the significant concepts underlying financial statements at that time. SEC (Securities And Exchange Commission) Two of the most important pieces of legislation passed at this time were the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which fixed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).The SEC was created to administer various securities acts. Under powers provided by Congress, the SEC was given the laterality to prescribe accounting principles and reporting practices. Nevertheless, because the SEC has acted as an overseer and leave behinded the private sector to develop accounting principles, this representation has seldom been used. However, the SEC has exerted pressure on the accounting profession and has been especially arouse in narrowing areas of difference in accounting practice. * Securities Act of 1933A federal piece of legislation enacted as a result of the market crash of 1929. The legislation had ii main goals (1) to ensure more transparency in financial statements so investors can make informed decisions about investments, and (2) to establish laws against misrepresentation and fraudulent activities in the securities markets. * Securities Exchange Act of 1934 The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 was created to provide governance of securities transactions on the secondary market (after issue) and regulate the exchanges and broker-dealers in order to protect the investing public.Committee on Accounting Procedure The AICPAs Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) was formed in 1936. The committee had authority to issue pronouncements on matters of accounting pra ctice and procedure in order to establish broadly speaking accepted practices. CAP was relatively inactive during its first two years, but became more active in response to the SECs release of ASR No. 4. One of the first responses was to expand CAP membership from 7 to 21. Major concerns were * Use of the historical cost model of accounting.The then-accepted definition of assets as unamortized cost was seen by some critics as allowing management too much flexibility in deciding when to charge costs to expense. * The impact on inflation on reported profits. Lobbies were held by several companies in the 1940s for the use of replenishment cost depreciation. Both CAP and the SEC rejected the efforts. This decade long debate didnt until Congress passed legislation in 1954 amending the IRS Tax enrol to allow accelerated depreciation. CAP works were primarily published in the form of Accounting Research Bulletins (ARBs).The pronouncements did not dictate mandatory practice and received authority only from their general acceptance. The Accounting Research Bulletins were consolidated in 1953 into Accounting Terminology Bulletin No. 1, Review and Resume and ARB No 43 through 51 was published from 1953 until 1959. The recommendations of these bulletins that have not been superseded are contained in the FASB Accounting Standards Codifications. Accounting Principles notice By 1959 the methods of formulating accounting principles were being questioned as not arising from research or based on theory.The CAP was also criticized for acting in a piecemeal fashion and upshot standards that, in umpteen cases, were inconsistent. Additionally, all of its members were part-time and as a result their independence was questioned. Finally, the fact that all of the CAP members were postulate to be AICPA members prevented many financial executives, investors, and academics from serving on the committee. As a result, accountants and financial statement users were calling for wider representation in the development of accounting principles.The AICPA responded to the alleged shortcomings of the CAP by forming the Accounting Principles Board (APB). The objectives of this frame were to glide slope the written expression of generally accepted accounting principles (generally accepted accounting principles), to narrow areas of difference in appropriate practice, and to in the method of establishing accounting principles was quickly squelched when the first APB chairman, Weldon Powell, voiced his belief that accounting research was more applied and pure and that the reusableness of the end product was a major concern.The APB was composed of from seven-spotteen to cardinal members, who were selected primarily from the accounting profession but also included individuals from industry, government, and academia. Initially, the pronouncements of the APB, termed opinions, were not mandatory practice however, the issuance of APB reliance No. 2 (see FASB ASC 740-10-2 5 and 45) and a posterior partial retraction contained in APB Opinion No. 4 (see FASB ASC 740-10-50) highlighted the need for standard-setting groups to have more authority. Financial Accounting Standards BoardDue to the growing critique of the APB, in 1971 the dining table of directors of the AICPA appointed two committees. The Wheat Committee, chaired by Francis Wheat, was to study how financial accounting principles should be launch. The Trueblood Committee, chaired by Robert Trueblood, was asked to localise the objectives of financial statements. The Wheat Committee issued its report in 1972 recommending that the APB be abolished and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) be created. In contrast to the APB, whose members were all from the AICPA, this new board was to comprise representatives from various organizations.The members of the FASB were also to be full-time paid employees, unlike the APB members, who served part-time and were not paid. the Accounting Prin ciples Board Formation and structure The APB was composed of from seventeen to twenty-one members, who were selected primarily from the accounting profession but also included individuals from industry, government, and academia. Types of pronouncements * APB Opinions Initially, the pronouncements of the APB, termed opinions, were not mandatory practice however, the issuance of APB Opinion No. 2 (see FASB ASC 740-10-25 and 45) and a subsequent partial retraction contained in APB Opinion No. (see FASB ASC 740-10-50) highlighted the need for standard-setting groups to have more authority. The flap over accounting for the investment tax Credit This controversy was over the proper method to use in accounting for the investment tax assent. In the early 1960s the country was suffering from the do of a recession. After President John F. Kennedy took office, his advisors suggested an progressive fiscal economic policy that involved a direct income tax credit (as opposed to a tax deduction ) based on a helping of the cost of a qualified investment.Congress passed legislation creating the investment tax credit in 1961. The APB was then faced with deciding how companies should record and report the effects of the investment tax credit. It considered two alternative come outes 1. The flow-through method, which tough the tax credit as a decrease in income tax expense in the year it occurred. 2. The deferred method, which treated the tax credit as a reduction in the cost of the asset and therefore was reflected over the life of the asset through Rule 203The leave out of support for some of the APBs pronouncements and concern over the formulation and acceptance of GAAP caused the Council of the AICPA to adopt Rule 203 of the Code of professional person Ethics. 10 This rule requires departures from accounting principles published in APB Opinions or Accounting Research Bulletins (or subsequently FASB Statements and now the FASB ASC) to be disclosed in footnotes to financi al statements or in independent auditors reports when the effects of such departures are material.This action has had the effect of requiring companies and public accountants who deviate from authoritative pronouncements to justify such departures. Criticism of the APB 1. The independence of the members of the APB. The individuals serving on the board had full-time responsibilities elsewhere that might influence their views of certain issues. 2. The structure of the board. The largest eight public accounting firms (at that time) were automatically awarded one member, and there were usually five or sextette other public accountants on the APB. 3. Response time.The uphill accounting problems were not being investigated and solved quickly enough by the part-time members. The financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) The Wheat Committee The Wheat Committee, chaired by Francis Wheat, was to study how financial accounting principles should be established. The AICPA quickly adopted the Wheat Committee recommendations, and the FASB became the official body charged with issuing accounting standards. The Trueblood Committee The Trueblood Committee, chaired by Robert Trueblood, was asked to determine the objectives of fi nancial statements.The FASB was established The Wheat Committee issued its report in 1972 recommending that the APB be abolished and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) be created. The structure of the FASB The structure of the FASB is as follows. A board of trustees nominated by organizations whose members have special knowledge and interest in financial reporting is selected. The organizations originally chosen to select the trustees were the American Accounting Association the AICPA the Financial Executives Institute the National Association of Accountants (The NAAs ame was later changed to Institute of Management Accountants in 1991), and the Financial Analysts Federation. In 1997 the board of trustees added four members from public in terest organizations. The board that governs the FASB is the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF). The FAF appoints the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC), which advises the FASB on major policy issues, the selection of task forces, and the agenda of topics. The number of members on the FASAC varies from year to year. The bylaws call for at least twenty members to be appointed.However, the actual number of members has swelled to about thirty in recent years to obtain representation from a wider group of interested parties. FASB Mission The FASBs mission is to establish and reform standards of financial accounting and reporting for the instruction and education of the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of financial information. In attempting to accomplish this mission, the FASB seeks to 1. Improve the utilizableness of financial reporting by focusing on the primary characteristics of relevance and reliability and on the qualities of comparability and consistency 2.Keep standards current to reflect changes in methods of doing business and changes in the economic environment 3. Consider chop-chop any significant areas of deficiency in financial reporting that might be improved through the standard-setting process 4. Promote the international comparability of accounting standards concurrent with improving the quality of financial reporting 5. Improve the common understanding of the nature and purposes of information contained in financial reports Type of Pronouncements * Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts Statements of Financial Accounting Standards * Interpretations * Technical Bullentins Originally, the FASB issued two types of pronouncements, Statements of Financial Accounting Standards (SFASs) and Interpretations. Subsequently, the FASB established two new series of releases (1) Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFACs) and (2) Technical Bulletins. SFASs conveyed required accounting methods and procedur es for specific accounting issues and officially created GAAP. Interpretations were modifications or extensions of issues pronouncements.SFACs are intended to establish the objectives and concepts that the FASB will use in developing standards of financial accounting and reporting. To date, the FASB has issued seven SFACs, which are discussed in depth in Chapters 2, 6, and 7. SFACs differed from Statements of Financial Accounting Standards in that they did not establish GAAP. Similarly, they are not intended to invoke Rule 203 of the Rules of Conduct of the Code of Professional Ethics. It is anticipated that the major beneficiary of these SFACs will be the FASB itself.However, knowledge of the objectives and concepts the board uses should enable financial statement users to better understand the content and limitations of financial accounting information. Technical Bulletins were strictly interpretive in nature and did not establish new standards or amend existing standards. They we re intended to provide guidance on financial accounting and reporting problems on a timely basis. Emerging Issues One of the fi rst criticisms of the FASB was for failing to provide timely guidance on emerging effectuation and practice problems.During 1984 the FASB responded to this criticism by (1) establishing a task force, the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF), to assist in identifying issues and problems that might require action and (2) expanding the domain of the FASB Technical Bulletins in an effort to offer quicker guidance on a wider variety of issues. The EITF was formed in response to two confl icting issues. On the one hand, accountants are faced with a variety of issues that are not fully addressed in accounting pronouncements, such as interest rate swaps or new fi nancial instruments. These and other new issues need immediate resolution.On the other hand, many accountants maintain that the ever- change magnitude body of professional pronouncements has created a stand ards overload problem (discussed in more detail below). The FASB established the EITF in an attempt to simultaneously address both issues. The goal of the EITF is to provide timely guidance on new issues while control the number of issues whose resolutions require formal pronouncements by the FASB. Standards Overload One of the fi rst criticisms of the FASB was for failing to provide timely guidance on emerging implementation and practice problems.During 1984 the FASB responded to this criticism by (1) establishing a task force, the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF), to assist in identifying issues and problems that might require action and (2) expanding the scope of the FASB Technical Bulletins in an effort to offer quicker guidance on a wider variety of issues. The EITF was formed in response to two confl icting issues. On the one hand, accountants are faced with a variety of issues that are not fully addressed in accounting pronouncements, such as interest rate swaps or new fi n ancial instruments.These and other new issues need immediate resolution. On the other hand, many accountants maintain that the ever-increasing body of professional pronouncements has created a standards overload problem (discussed in more detail below). The FASB established the EITF in an attempt to simultaneously address both issues. The goal of the EITF is to provide timely guidance on new issues while limiting the number of issues whose resolutions require formal pronouncements by the FASB. Standard setting as a political processA highly infl uential academic accountant stated that accounting standards are as much a product of political action as they are of careful logic or empirical fi ndings. 15 This phenomenon exists because a variety of parties are interested in and affected by the development of accounting standards. Various users of accounting information have found that the best way to infl uence the formulation of accounting standards is to attempt to infl uence the stan dard setters. The CAP, APB, and FASB have all come under a great deal of pressure to develop or amend standards so as to benefi t a particular user group.For example, the APB had originally intended to develop a comprehensive theory of accounting before attempting to solve any current problems however, this approach was abandoned when it was determined that such an effort might take up to fi ve years and that the SEC would not wait that long before taking action. The melodic phrase Roundtable engaged in what initially was a successful effort (later reversed) to increase the required consensus for passage of a SFAS from a simple majority to fi ve of the seven members of the FASB.Congressional action was threatened over the FASBs proposed elimination of the pooling of interest method of accounting for business combinations (see Chapter 16). Two of the most notable examples of the politicizing of accounting standards involved the issues of employee stock options and fair value account ing. Economic Consequences The increased pressure on the standard-setting process is not surprising, considering that many accounting standards have signifi cant economic consequences. Economic consequences refers to the impact of accounting reports on various segments of our economic society.This concept holds that the accounting practices a company adopts affect its security price and value. Consequently, the choice of accounting methods infl uences decision qualification rather than just refl ecting the results of these decisions. Consider the release of the FASBs pronouncement on other postretirement benefi ts (OPRBs) FASB Statement No. 106, Other Post Retirement Benefi ts (see FASB ASC 715-10-30, 60, and 80). The accounting guidelines for OPRBs required companies to change from a pay-as-you-go basis to an accrual basis for health care and other benefi ts that companies provide to retirees and their dependents.The accrual basis requires companies to measure the obligation to pr ovide prospective services and accrue these costs during the years employees provide service. This change in accounting caused a large increase in recorded expenses for many companies. Consequently, a number of companies simply ceased providing such benefi ts to their employees, at a large social cost. The impact on our economic society of accounting for OPRBs illustrates the need for the FASB to fully consider both the necessity to get ahead develop sound reporting practices and the possible economic consequences of new codifi cation content.Accounting standard setting does not exist in a vacuum. It cannot be completely insulated from political pressures, nor can it avoid carefully evaluating the possible ramifi cations of standard setting. gaap Evolution of phrase * Changed wording of auditors security system brought about by meetings between NYSE and AIA One result of the meetings between the AICPA and members of the NYSE following the onset of the Great Depression was a revis ion in the wording of the certifi cate issued by CPAs. The opinion paragraph formerly stated that the fi nancial statements had been examined and were accurate.The terminology was changed to say that the statements are fairly presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. This expression is now interpreted as encompassing the conventions, rules, and procedures that are necessary to explain accepted accounting practice at a given time. thusly fi nancial statements are fair only to the extent that the principles are fair and the statements comply with the principles. * The APBs definition * The Auditing Standards Executive Committees definition The current sources of GAAP consist of four levels described as A, B, C, and D by Statement of Auditing Standards No 69 he business reporting research project head Committee Working Group the role of moral philosophy in accounting Ethics are concerned with the types of behavior society considers right and wrong. Accou nting ethics incorporate social standards of behavior as well as behavioral standards that relate specifi cally to the profession. The environment of public accounting has deform ethically complicated. The accountants Code of Professional Ethics developed by the AICPA has evolved over time, and as business transactions have become more and more complex, ethical issues have also become more complex.Accounting in Crisis the events of the early 2000s On January 1, 2001, Enrons stock was selling for over $90 per share. From that time until the early summer of 2001, nineteen investment research fi rms reviewed its performance and twelve had given it a strong buy recommendation, while fi ve others had recommended it as buy. 27 Additionally, the companys 2000 annual report indicated that its auditor had not found any signifi cant accounting problems. However, on August 14, 2001, it was announced that the companys president, Jeffery Skilling, had resigned after only six months on the job for rigorously personal reasons. Enron used what were termed special-purpose entities (SPEs) now termed variable interest entities ( struggles) to access capital and hedge risk. 28 By using SPEs such as limited partnerships with outside parties, a company may be permitted to increase its fi nancial leverage and return on assets without reporting debt on its balance sheet. 29 The arrangement works as follows An entity contributes fi xed assets and related debt to an SPE in exchange for an ownership interest.The SPE then borrows large sums of money from a fi nancial institution to purchase assets or conduct other business without the debt or assets showing up on the originating companys fi nancial statements. The originating company can also sell leveraged assets to the SPE and record a profi t. At the time these transactions took place, the FASB required that only 3 percent of a SPE be owned by an outside investor. If this guideline is met, the SPE didnt need to be consolidated and the SPEs debt was not disclosed on the originating companys fi nancial statements.Enron used SPEs to new degrees of complexity and sophistication, capitalizing them with not only a variety of fi xed assets and liabilities but also extremely complex derivative fi nancial instruments, its own restricted stock, rights to acquire its stock, and related liabilities. Additionally, as Enrons fi nancial dealings became more complicated, the company apparently also transferred troubled assets that were falling in value, such as certain overseas energy facilities, its broadband operation, or stock in companies that had been spun off to the SPEs. As a consequence, the losses on these assets were unploughed off Enrons books.To compensate partnership investors for assuming downside risk, Enron promised to issue additional shares of its stock. As the value of the assets in these partnerships fell, Enron began to incur larger and larger obligations to issue its own stock farther down the road. Th e problem was later compounded as the value of Enrons stock declined. On October 16, 2001, the company reported a third-quarter loss and its stock dropped to about $33 a share. On October 28, as some of the problems with the SPEs were made public, a special committee of the board of directors of Enron was established under the chairmanship of William C.Powers, doyen of the University of Texas Law School. The Powers Committee Report concluded that some Enron employees were directly involved in the SPEs and were enriched by tens of millions of dollars they never should have received. The committee also found that many of the transactions were designed to achieve favorable fi nancial statement results and were not based on legitimate economic objectives or to transfer risk. International Accounting standards A truly global economy emerged during the 1990s, as many U. S. companies generated signifi cant amounts of revenue and profi ts in foreign markets.Multinational companies are faced with decisions on the allocation of resources to their most effi cient uses. These allocations cannot be accomplished without accurate and reliable fi nancial information. Companies seeking capital or investment opportunities across national boundaries face cost and time issues. Capitalseeking fi rms must reconcile their fi nancial statements to the accounting rules of the nation in which they are seeking capital, and investors must identify foreign reporting differences. The increasingly global economy requires that this process be simplifi ed.Thus there is a push to harmonize international accounting standards. The IASB is an independent private sector body that was formed in 1973 to achieve this purpose. Its objectives are 1. To formulate and publish in the public interest accounting standards to be observed in the presentation of fi nancial statements and to promote their worldwide acceptance and observance 2. To work generally for the improvement and harmonization of regulati ons, accounting standards, and procedures relating to the presentation of fi nancial statements33These objectives have resulted in attempts to coordinate and harmonize the activities of the many countries and agencies engaged in setting accounting standards. The IASB standards also provide a useful starting point for developing countries wishing to establish accounting standards. 34 The IASB has also developed a conceptual framework titled the Framework for the education and Presentation of Financial Statements. 35 The conclusions articulated in this release are similar to those contained in the FASBs Conceptual Framework Project.That is, the objective of fi nancial statements is to provide useful information to a wide range of users for decision-making purposes. The information provided should contain the qualitative characteristics of relevance, reliability, comparability, and understandability. At the time this book was published, the IASB had issued forty-one Statements of Acco unting Standards (IASs) and ten Statements of Financial report Standards (IFRSs). However, since it has no enforcement authority, the IASB must rely on the best endeavors of its members.Neither the FASB nor the SEC is a member of the IASB, so its standards have no authority in the United States at the present time. However, the SEC recently ruled that foreign companies that adopt IASB standards are eligible to list their securities for sale on U. S. stock exchanges (see Chapter 3 for a further discussion of this issue). As noted in Chapters 2 and 3, there is also a movement to have IASB standards become GAAP for U. S. companies. The emergence of multinational corporations has resulted in a need for the increased harmonization of worldwide accounting standards.The role of the IASB is discussed in more detail in Chapter 3, and the IASB standards are reviewed throughout this text in chapters dealing with the issues addressed by each IAS or IFRS. Cases Case 1-1 Sources of GAAP The FAS B ASC is now the sole authoritative source for all U. S. GAAP. a. What are the major goals of the FASB ASC? b. How is the FASB ASC judge to improve the practice of accounting? c. What literature is now contained in the FASB ASC? d. What should an accountant do if the guidance for a particular transaction or event is not specifi ed within the FASB ASC? Case 1-2 Accounting EthicsWhen the FASB issues new standards, the implementation date is ofttimes 12 months from date of issuance, and early implementation is encouraged. Becky Hoger, controller, discusses with her fi nancial vice president the need for early implementation of a standard that would result in a fairer presentation of the companys fi nancial condition and earnings. When the fi nancial vice president determines that early implementation of the standard will adversely affect the reported net income for the year, he discourages Hoger from implementing the standard until it is required. demand a. What, if any, ethical iss ue is involved in this case? . Is the fi nancial vice president acting improperly or immorally? c. What does Hoger have to gain by advocacy of early implementation? d. Who might be affected by the decision against early implementation? (CMA adapted) Case 1-3 Politicalization of Accounting Standards Some accountants have said that politicalization in the development and acceptance of generally accepted accounting principles (i. e. , standard setting) is taking place. Some use the term politicalization in a narrow sense to mean the infl uence by governmental agencies, particularly the SEC, on the development of generally accepted accounting principles.Others use it more broadly to mean the compromising that takes place in bodies responsible for developing these principles because of the infl uence and pressure of interested groups (SEC, American Accounting Association, businesses through their various organizations, Institute of Management Accountants, fi nancial analysts, bankers, l awyers, etc. ). Required a. The Committee on Accounting Procedure of the AICPA was established in the mid- to late 1930s and functioned until 1959, at which time the Accounting Principles Board came into existence.In 1973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board was formed, and the APB went out of existence. Do the reasons these groups were formed, their methods of operation while in existence, and the reasons for the demise of the fi rst two indicate an increasing politicalization (as the term is used in the broad sense) of accounting standard setting? Explain your answer by indicating how the CAP, APB, and FASB operated or operate. Cite specifi c developments that tend to support your answer. b. What arguments can be raised to support the politicalization of accounting standard setting? . What arguments can be raised against the politicalization of accounting standard setting? (CMA adapted) Case 1-4 mainly original Accounting Principles At the completion of the Darby Departmen t Store audit, the president asks about the meaning of the phrase in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, which appears in your audit report on the managements fi nancial statements. He observes that the meaning of the phrase must include more than what he thinks of as principles. Required a.Explain the meaning of the term accounting principles as used in the audit report. (Do not in this part discuss the signifi cance of generally accepted. ) b. The president wants to know how you determine whether or not an accounting principle is generally accepted. Discuss the sources of evidence for determining whether an accounting principle has substantial authoritative support. c. The president believes that diversity in accounting practice will always exist among independent entities despite continual improvements in comparability.Discuss the arguments that support his belief. Case 1-5 The Evolution of the Accounting Profession The nineteenth century witnessed the evo lution of joint ventures into business corporations. Required Discuss how the emergence and growth of the corporate form of business affected perceptions regarding the role of the accounting profession in fi nancial reporting in England and the United States. Case 1-6 Accounting in Crisis During the early 2000s, the role of accounting and the auditing profession changed and several accounting scandals were uncovered. Required a.What conditions caused accounting and the auditing profession role to change during this time? b. What major changes occurred as a result of the accounting scandals at that time? Case 1-7 The FASB The FASB is the offi cial body charged with issuing accounting standards. Required a. Discuss the structure of the FASB. b. How are the Financial Accounting Foundation members nominated? c. SFAC No. 2 describes a number of key characteristics or qualities for accounting information. Briefl y discuss the importance of any three of these qualities for fi nancial rep orting purposes. CMA adapted) FASB ASC Research For each of the following research cases, search the FASB ASC database for information to address the issues. abbreviated and paste the FASB ASC paragraphs that support your responses. Then summarize briefl y what your responses are, citing the paragraphs used to support your responses. FASB ASC 1-1 Variable concern Entities In this chapter, we discuss how Enron and other companies use Variable Interest Entities (VIEs) to keep the effects of transactions and events off corporate balance sheets. 1. How does the FASB defi ne a VIE?In other words, how does an entity qualify to be a VIE? 2. Is a company that meets the defi nition of a VIE required to consolidate the VIE? FASB ASC 1-2 Status of Accounting Research Bulletins Portions of ARB No. 43 are slake considered GAAP. Three of the most important issues covered in ARB No. 43 are revenue recognition, treasury stock, and comparative fi nancial statements. Find the appropriate section s of the FASB ASC, originally contained in ARB No. 43, that address these issues. Cite the sources and copy the relevant information. FASB ASC 1-3 Accounting for the Investment Tax CreditThe accounting alternative treatments for the investment tax credit originally outlined in APB Opinions 2 and 4 are still considered GAAP. Find and cite the FASB ASC paragraphs and copy the relevant information. FASB ASC 1-4 Securities and Exchange Commission Comments SEC observers frequently provide comments at EITF meetings. Find, cite, and copy the observer comments on 1. Revenue recognitioncustomer payments and incentives 2. Debt with conversions and other options 3. Software cost of sales and services FASB ASC 1-5 Generally Accepted Accounting Procedure GuidelinesFind the guidelines for determining GAAP in the FASB ASC. Room for argument Debate 1-1 Which Body Should Set Accounting Standards in the United States? Team Debate Team 1 Argue that the SEC should set accounting standards in the U nited States. Team 2 Argue that the FASB should set accounting standards in the United States. Debate 1-2 Should the Scope of Accounting Standards Be Narrowed Further? Team Debate Team 1 Pretend you are management. Argue against the narrowing of accounting choices. Team 2 Pretend you are a prospective investor. Argue for the narrowing of accounting choices.

Birmingham Campaign Essay

Campaign Essay notes Cause Underlying cause of history of slavery, emancipation, requisition/ Jim Crow laws. Long term cause of growing Black civil Rights movement building momentum and raising awareness of issue. Previous Black Civil rights campaigns that inspired and sparked e. g. Events such as Montgomery Bus Boycott which gave ML mightiness his first big leadership role. Also Freedom Riders, Brown VS board of Ed.Birmingham was one of the clear up segregated big cities in the USA History of harsh and violent segregation and mistreatment of black citizens, KKK support and membership, epicentre of racism in the South regime officials pro-segregation SCLC- Kings group NAACP was banned Eg. Bull Connor and .. The failure of Albany- lack of publicity. Event Police violence Dog attacks High pressure hoses Arrests. By-standers violence Childrens Crusade (primary and secondary)Martin Luther King being arrested Letter from Birmingham Jail Project C = direct action and provocation Non-v iolent provocations osit ins at White Churches, marches, boycotts, lunch counters etc. hire of children to fuel protest Consequence Publicity National/International sympathy White backlash oSixteenth St Baptist Church bombing killing 4 girls oHotel bombed where Martin Luther King Jr and SCLC had stayed oMartin Luther King Jrs brother Alfreds house bombedRiots March on Washington Civil Rights Act of 1964 Governor Wallace sent State Troops to stop desegregation of schools and in response Present Kennedy sent Federal Troops. Martin Luther Kings reputation (I have a dream speech). Nobel Peace prize 1964. Positives oJim Crow laws taken down desegregating public facilities eg Lunch counters, drinking fountains etc oAllowed Black employment oMore rights for Black citizens

5 Claims Revised and Developed

1) When Marji was inventing torture games, she was merely a product of the war environment. Marji lived in an environment surrounded by hysteria, anger, and most importantly war. She is a young girl and during school she invented a game where the loser would be punished with war punishments. Some of these punishments include the mouth filled with garbage system or the twisted arm method. While most kids may know the difference in right and wrong, Marji grew up in an area where she had no choice but to be brainwashed by society and the war.She heard about war tactics from her Uncle Anouche, she byword the violence on the streets, and she even saw dead bodies. Most young children only see those things on movies and video games, and even then they can be negatively affected. However, for a child to see these things workaday she can only assume it is the norm. Marji was psychologically affected by the war and her environment, which led her to believe the terrible things she saw wer e normal, and thus it resulted in her being a product of her environment. 2) Marji chases and wants to attack Ramine.Ramine symbolizes the war, and Marji attacking him symbolizes Marji wanting to put an determination to war. To Marji, Ramine symbolized the war, the evil, and all the conflicts in her country. Marji discovered that Ramines sire killed people, which lead Marji into a rage. Marji chased after Ramine with nails between her fingers wanting to hurt him for what his father had done. She had no reason to be mad at Ramine because he had not killed anyone. However, she began to realize that the war was constantly showing up in her life and affecting her life.She was filled with anger, and she longed for the war and violence to be over. When she was trying to put an end to Ramine, symbolically she was trying to put an end to the war. 3) The torture game Marji invents shows her unattackable desire for power. In a country where no one has any power, Marji longs to excite powe r. She devises a game at school where the loser gets punished with torture methods like the mouth filled with garbage method and the twisted arm method. She comes up with this idea because she sees the people in the war who have power use violence to gain that power.Although it is wrong to gain power that way, Marji has such a strong desire for power that she doesnt care what she has to do to earn it. Marji ends up feeling so powerful that after school she stares at herself in the reflect and her reflection shows herself with devil horns. This demonstrates that not only does Marji want power, but she doesnt care if the power comes with being evil. 4) By attempting to attack Ramine with nails, Marji believes violence is the way to pay off justice for what Ramines father did. When Marji found out that Ramines father killed people, she immediately wanted to obtain justice.She wanted the evil people to face the consequences and be punished. She rallied up her friends and they all put nails between their fingers and chased after Ramine. Marji could have gained justice a different way. She could have talked to Ramines father, but instead she chose violence. Marji chose this method because throughout the war they try to gain justice through violence. She heard of war tactics like the twisted arm method, and she knew those methods caused pain. She knew those tactics caused so frequently pain that they eventually caused regret in a person whose done wrong.Since Marji believed Ramine and his family had done wrong, she believed to gain justice she needed violence to do so. 5) Marji chasing after Ramine is just a way for Marji to distract herself from her self-conflicting battles. Marji chases after Ramine with nails between her fingers. Although she claims she does it because Ramines father was evil, the true reason she did it is because she needed a distraction from her own conflicting battles. Marji struggles daily with who she is, how she identifies herself, and w here she wants to be in life.Ramine, although young and highly affected by his fathers opinions, he knows who he wants to be, and he defends his father even though Marji and her friends are threatening him. Marji, on the other hand, doesnt know where she wants to be, and she doesnt know where she belongs. She fights battles with herself and that causes a lot of built up anger and frustration. Marjis only reply was to take out her frustration on someone who she unknowingly is jealous of, which happened to be Ramine because he knows exactly what he believes in.